What does it mean when a cat Pees blood?

Increased frequency of urination called pollakiuria. Difficulty urinating or dysuria. (Affected cats often spend a long time straining in the litter box while passing only small volumes of urine. Many cat owners confuse this with constipation.) The presence of bloody, foul-smelling, or discolored urine.

Why does my cat Pee and Pee in the litter box?

If you find your cat peeing blood or dripping bloody drops of urine around the house, PLUS making frequent trips to the litter box, then your cat likely has one of four conditions:

Is it bad when a male cat pees in Your House?

Having a male cat urinating everywhere in the house is not only embarrassing but also annoying. Your house will not stop smelling of pee and your cat will continue behaving this way. However, in order to deal with a cat that is urinating everywhere, you must be able to understand why he is doing so.

What do you need to know about hematuria in cats?

A urinalysis is used to help determine if the blood is from urinary tract disease or the result of a condition affecting coagulation or bleeding. Blood tests are usually needed to verify or exclude a bleeding or clotting disorder. The most common, general diagnosis for hematuria in cats is cystitis. What is cystitis?

What does it mean if your cat has blood in his urine?

What does blood in my cat’s urine mean? Blood in your cat’s urine could mean an infection, inflammation, bladder stones, a bladder tumour, or some other form of urinary tract disease. It should be investigated by a vet to find out what is wrong.

If you find your cat peeing blood or dripping bloody drops of urine around the house, PLUS making frequent trips to the litter box, then your cat likely has one of four conditions:

What does idiopathic mean when a cat Pees?

Idiopathic means the cause is unknown. Cats with cystitis often have hematuria (blood in the urine). Testing a urine sample is essential because the blood may only be detected microscopically. If your vet determines that your cat’s urine contains blood, but there are no crystals, bacteria or stones present,…

Can a cat with lower urinary tract syndrome Pee?

Cats with Lower Urinary Tract Syndrome will have bouts of straining to urinate, frequently urinating small amounts, and peeing blood. It will come and go. They may have a week where they have these symptoms, then get better on their own. Weeks or months later, they may have a flare up again and show symptoms for 3 days or longer.

How often does a 10 pound cat Pee?

One study, reported by DVM 360, indicated that cats produced an average of 28 ml/kg of urine every 24 hours. That equals about one half cup of urine a day for the average 10 pound cat. In general, what goes in must come out.

What happens if your cat has an urethral blockage?

If you suspect your cat is obstructed and not able to adequately pass urine, this is an immediate medical emergency. Urethral blockage, which is more common in male cats because of their narrow urethra (“the plumbing”), can be a life-threatening complication if untreated even for a few hours.

Can a male cat not produce any urine?

Vomiting, nausea, lethargy, and loss of appetite in a male cat should never be ignored. A male cat urinating a few drops is slightly better off than one not producing any urine at all, but still requires immediate intervention.

Why is my Ragdoll peeing on the carpet?

She soon discovered a large spot of urine under the bed on the carpet. Since then, she has spotted Lulu several times, urinating in the same spot, even after she called a carpet cleaner in. Lulu seems to be urinating quite often in the bedroom, even in front of my mum.

What kind of kidney disease does a ragdoll have?

Polycystic kidney disease is a hereditary disease which is most commonly diagnosed in Persian and Exotic Shorthair cats, but is also prevalent in Ragdoll cats. The clinical picture is one where fluid filled cysts grow within the kidney either in utero, during childhood or even in adulthood.

How does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affect Ragdoll cats?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Ragdoll cats. It is characterized by the thickening of the myocardial mass of the left ventricle, leading to a reduction in the volume of the cardiac chamber in the heart. As a result of this thickening, the feline’s heart is unable to adequately pump blood to other tissues and organs of the body.

What are the symptoms of a ragdoll cat?

However, there are some general signs which may indicate a urinary tract condition: As with most longhair or semi-longhair cat breeds, Ragdolls can suffer digestive problems from the accumulation of hair. As they are very clean animals, cats groom themselves (and each other) constantly.

When to take your cat to the vet for an urinary problem?

Urine may contain blood and your cat may be vomiting. Urinary Tract Infection or there is something blocking the urinary tract such as a bladder stone. If your cat is acting normally (behavior, appetite) then see a veterinarian. If male cat and behavior is not normal then seek emergency care to check for blockage. Injury to the bladder.

Are there any home remedies for blood in cat urine?

As we’ve already mentioned, ailments that cause blood in cat urine can be fatal if not treated correctly. These home remedies are only recommended as a reinforcement to veterinary medication. In addition, if you choose to opt for any of these home remedies, a veterinarian needs to approve it beforehand.

What does it mean when a cat can’t Pee?

The cat will exhibit frequent attempts at urination, producing little or no urine, which is usually blood tinged. More severe signs can develop in the blocked cat. Due to anatomical differences, a blocked cat is almost always male.

What are the symptoms of a cat not peeing?

Symptoms: Frequent trips to the litter tray that may produce a small amount of no urine, if there is urine, it may contain blood. Other symptoms include frequent genital licking, crying, painful abdomen, lethargy, vomiting and excessive thirst.

Why does my cat Pee in the litter box?

Difficulty urinating or dysuria. (Affected cats often spend a long time straining in the litter box while passing only small volumes of urine. Many cat owners confuse this with constipation .) The presence of bloody, foul-smelling, or discolored urine. Urinating in unusual places such as on furniture, floors, and corners, called periuria.

What happens when a cat has a blocked bladder?

Cats with a blocked bladder get increased levels of potassium in their blood (hyperkalaemia) that depresses the heart and will make your cat comatose. Because urine can’t be voided, the level of urea and creatinine increases in the blood. This is called azotaemia.

What can I do about my cat’s bloody urination?

More recently, it has been demonstrated that environmental enrichment (more toys, cat perches, less stress) can help reduce the frequency of episodes of painful and bloody urination caused by interstitial cystitis.

How can I prevent blood in my cat’s urine?

Preventing Blood in a Cat’s Urine Make sure the cat stays hydrated. Keep the cat active. Reduce stress on your cat. Consider the use of feline pheromones, such as Feliway, in order to reduce stress. Monitor the cat’s weight.

Why is my cat peeing in the litter box?

A frequent reason why a cat is brought to see me is blood-tinged urine. Often bloody urine is accompanied by my patient urinating outside the litter box. This usually makes the problem easier for pet parents to identify. There are three common reasons for bloody urine, also known as hematuria.

What does it mean when your cat Pees blood?

While hematuria may be as obvious as blood or blood clots in the urine, it may not always be so visible. Most instances of hematuria are actually diagnosed at the microscopic level on what appears to be normal-colored urine; in these cases, there’s only a small amount of blood. Hematuria may cause urine to turn pink or red.

How old is the cat that pees in the litter box?

Our male cat, Pico, about 12 to 15 years old, was a stray who found his way into our yard as a pretty young cat. He has been inside ever since. For the past two years he has been peeing humongous amounts of urine in his litter box several times a day. He also drinks huge amounts of water. He eats normally.

What does it mean when a cat Pees outside the box?

Here are some of the first indicators that something is askew with your cat’s health: Peeing outside the box (if this is a new behavior — some cats just have bad aim!) Keep in mind that a cat peeing blood may not appear to be peeing blood. The blood can be faint.

Idiopathic cystitis : The term cystitis means inflammation of the bladder. Idiopathic means the cause is unknown. Cats with cystitis often have hematuria (blood in the urine). 2 Testing a urine sample is essential because the blood may only be detected microscopically.

Why does my cat have crystals in her urine?

Fortunately, bacterial urinary tract infections can usually be cleared with appropriate antibiotic therapy. In cases of kidney infection, antibiotics will need to be administered for at least four to six weeks. In younger cats a common cause of bloody urine is the presence of crystals in urine (crystalluria).

Is it normal for a cat to pee blood?

If you have ever seen your cat peeing blood, you know just how alarming it can be. While it isn’t something one ever hopes to witness, blood in cat urine is actually quite common.

When to take your cat to the vet for blood?

So, if you all of a sudden notice blood in cat urine or blood from the rear end of your cat, you should get to a veterinarian because it needs to be addressed and fixed. First, it’s hard to differentiate if what you’ve noticed is bloody urine or feces or vomit.

What causes mucus in cat urine?

Cystitis refers to the bladder becoming inflamed and thicker. This can cause the urine to develop mucus inside of it. It makes urination very painful for the cat. You’ll probably notice your cat urinating outside the box and you may also see blood in the urine.

What causes a cat to not be able to pass urine?

UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) A cat’s urine can become thick and thus not flow through the urinary tract quickly enough or often enough. The urine can then become infected and put pressure on the urinary tract. The cat will feel like he needs to urinate frequently but it will be more difficult to pass the urine.

What happens if a cat has a stone in its urine?

Sometimes crystals can form in the urine, that later turn into stones that can be difficult to pass and cause complications. Male cats are at greater risk because their urethra is longer and narrower. The stones formed in the cat’s urethra can form a plug that will cause a urinary blockage.

How can I tell if my cat has kidney disease?

Some of the key symptoms are painful urination, only few drops of urine, blood in the urine and urinating outside of the litter box (which will help you notice more easily).

How to tell if your cat has FLUTD?

The following are key symptoms of FLUTD in cats: 1 Painful urination 2 Straining to urinate 3 Urine limited to a few drops or worse, no urine output 4 Bloody urine 5 Cat Licking its genitals 6 Urinating out of the litter box

Why does my cat have bloody urine?

In younger cats a common cause of bloody urine is the presence of crystals in urine (crystalluria). When left undiagnosed and untreated, these crystals can lead to blockage of the urethra in some male cats.

How to treat a cat with blood in its urine?

Blood in cat urine: home remedies Reduce stress to promote hydration. One main causes of blood in cat urine, stress, can result in problems such as cystitis and obesity. Improves cat hydration. Many cats refuse to drink water when they are ill or suffering from pain. Apple cider vinegar for urinary tract infections in cats. Change of diet.

What causes bloody mucus in cats stool?

Colitis is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases in cat that leads to mucus and blood in cat stool, and is the most common cause of hematochezia in older cats.

Is your cat peeing blood?

If you have ever seen your cat peeing blood, you know just how alarming it can be. While it isn’t something one ever hopes to witness, blood in cat urine is actually quite common. Hematuria, the scientific name for having blood in the urine, can be caused by abnormalities in the urinary tract or even disease processes elsewhere in the body that can affect the urinary tract or kidneys.

When do you Know Your Cat Can’t Pee?

Therefore it is important that you seek verterinary assistance once you notice that your cat can’t pee or is having trouble urinating. The cat will exhibit frequent attempts at urination, producing little or no urine, which is usually blood tinged.

Can a cat recover from blood in urine?

With prompt diagnosis and proper treatment, many cats go on to recover from blood in the urine. Certain conditions may require ongoing treatment and management, but it is well worth it if your cat goes on to lead a happy, long life.

Why does my cat have a hard time peeing?

Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) When you see that your cat can’t pee or is straining to urinate, you know he or she must be uncomfortable. This straining is usually due to cystitis, also known as inflammation of the bladder. If you have ever been diagnosed with cystitis, you can sympathize with your cat.

Why does my cat have blood in her urine?

Cats can have blood in their urine due to health issues like a urinary tract infection or urinary tract disease. If you notice a cat has blood in its urine, take it to the vet right away. Blood in a cat’s urine is usually a sign of a serious medical condition.

Where does blood come from in a cat?

If the blood is coming from the esophagus, stomach, or upper part of the small intestines, it may appear as bright red streaks. If the blood is coming from further down the GI tract, thought, it will appear as coffee grounds.

Why does my cat have blood coming out of her stomach?

As in people, cats can develop open sores on the mucous membranes lining of their esophagus or stomach. Gastrointestinal ulcers are uncommon in cats. They are often associated with tumors in cats, but the cause can also be unknown. 1 They can also cause a loss of appetite, pale gums, lethargy, dark stools, and bloody diarrhea.

How old is a 5 week old kitten?

Five weeks old is when the fun really begins! Kittens are extremely playful at this age, especially now that their eyesight is fully developed and their coordination is better. Kittens can now retract their claws at will and you can see them develop their own distinct personalities.

How to take care of a 4 week old kitten?

Your kitten may dig around the litter box for a while or shun the litter box by hopping out of it. If your kitten is among those that hop out, simply take them and place them back in the litter box in an hour.

Is it normal for cats to have blood in their urine?

It’s incredibly upsetting to see drops of blood in a litter box, on bedding, or on the floor. Sometimes you can’t see the blood until the urine is examined with a microscope or detected on urinalysis. Fortunately, many cats experiencing blood in their urine have signs that resolve quickly with relatively simple treatments.

Can a young cat have an urinary tract infection?

Young cats with healthy kidneys almost never have urinary tract infections because their urine is so concentrated that bacterial growth can’t occur. In older cats with more dilute urine, urinary tract infection can be limited to the bladder, or, in more serious cases may involve one or both kidneys.

What to do if your cat is peeing but not peeing?

If your cat is posturing to urinate and little or no urine is coming out, your cat might have a blockage or partial obstruction. In this case, get your cat to a vet immediately as this condition can quickly become life-threatening. In some cases, inappropriate urination occurs when a cat has a nonurinary health problem.

Why does my cat keep peeing in my urine?

Certain bleeding disorders, which cause the body to lose the ability to clot, can cause your cat to leak blood into their urine. Some of these conditions can be genetic in origin.

What does it mean when a cat has blood in it?

Many cat owners confuse this with constipation .) The presence of bloody, foul-smelling, or discolored urine. Urinating in unusual places such as on furniture, floors, and corners, called periuria. Excessive grooming or licking of the genital region. Inability to urinate. These cats strain to urinate producing a few drops or no urine.

Why does my male cat Pee all the time?

Provide enough resources. Competition for resources, especially in a multi-cat home, could lead to a male cat urinating everywhere. This is as a result of the stress and fear that may come with having to fight for food. You should, therefore, be sure to provide adequate food, water and litter boxes for your cats.

What does it mean when a male cat has an urinary blockage?

Urinary blockage is a painful and life-threatening condition that typically affects male cats. If your male cat has urinary blockage, it means their urethra — the tube that drains urine from the bladder to the penis and out of the body — is blocked by inflammatory material.

While it isn’t something one ever hopes to witness, blood in cat urine is actually quite common. Hematuria, the scientific name for having blood in the urine, can be caused by abnormalities in the urinary tract or even disease processes elsewhere in the body that can affect the urinary tract or kidneys.

What happens if a cat can’t pee or poop?

If a cat cannot urinate, the kidneys cannot perform their essential function of filtering toxins out of the blood and excreting them in the urine. Toxin levels in the body increase, making the cat very sick. Without medical attention, a blocked cat will eventually die. 1

Why is my cat not peeing in the litter box?

Look for signs of urine in the litter box. If your cat has been to the box several times but the litter is dry or has no clumps, then it’s likely he is not passing urine. If you see your cat straining with little or no urine coming out, then he is probably blocked. 1

If your cat has started urinating blood (officially termed ‘haematuria’), it’s likely you’re worried. You should know what peeing blood can mean, how to treat urinary problems in cats, and when to contact the vet so that you can give your cat the best care. Your cat’s urinary system starts at the kidneys.

Can a cat bleed out of the kidneys?

Kidneys suffering from failure can bleed, especially when the cat also has high blood pressure. Cats can also suffer from kidney and ureter tumours. Compared to haematuria from the bladder or urethra, bleeding from the kidneys and ureters is rare.

Can a cat get kidney stones from urine?

If not treated in time, the presence of cat urinary crystals can and kidney stones in cats be fatal! Although obesity in cats is not a direct cause for blood in cat urine, one should know that an obese cat immediately becomes prone to several health problems.

What causes a ragdoll cat to change its color?

If the kidney disease becomes chronic, for instance, the cat’s extremities and lower area (its belly and torso) will be colder, which means that they will get darker. On the other hand, a chronic infection that might give out a sub-febrile state will cause the body temp to increase, which, over a longer period of time, will lead to lighter colors.

What kind of litter box does a ragdoll need?

Cats are very particular about bathroom hygiene, and a clean litter box will help to keep the coat clean as well. Speaking of litter boxes, a large cat like the Ragdoll needs a box that is super-sized to ensure that he has plenty of room to turn around and squat. Ragdolls usually go through several growth spurts as they mature.

Why do Ragdolls howl when they are sick?

Because Ragdolls are quiet, calm, and loving, it may be difficult for you to catch the cues that help you know they are in pain. Many cats howl or simply start acting “not themselves” when they are sick. You may need to pay closer attention to your Ragdoll since howling is not typical for this breed.

What are the signs of a cat peeing blood?

According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, some of the other signs you may see along with a change in the urine’s color include: Bruising on the skin in the form of obvious bruises or small dots Bleeding from abnormal locations, such as the nose, gums, eyes, ears or rectum, and bloody vomit or feces

What do you need to know about Ragdoll colors?

Side note: Ragdoll colour genetics are definitely interesting. If you would like to learn more about Ragdoll color genetics, The British Ragdoll Cat Club keeps a nice Ragdoll Cat Pattern/Colour Predictions table. It allows you to put in the colors each breeding cat may carry. Another great thing about this site is it also does pattern.

When do Ragdoll kittens start to turn white?

Sometimes, though, a Ragdoll’s legs are the same colour as its body or a dark colour is present on its back. The colour on the cat’s face is known as a mask. Ragdoll kittens are white. Their colours start to appear at around ten days of age but don’t develop completely until the cats are two to three years old.

What causes a ragdoll cat’s coat to get darker?

Especially in chronic diseases, the change in body temperature becomes very visible on a Ragdoll cat’s coat. If the kidney disease becomes chronic, for instance, the cat’s extremities and lower area (its belly and torso) will be colder, which means that they will get darker.

What does it mean when your cat pees on your furniture?

Urinating in unusual places such as on furniture, floors, and corners, called periuria. Excessive grooming or licking of the genital region. Inability to urinate. These cats strain to urinate producing a few drops or no urine. If you suspect your cat is obstructed and not able to adequately pass urine, this is an immediate medical emergency.

What does it mean when a cat Pees a lot?

What to do if your cat doesn’t pass urine?

These cats strain to urinate producing a few drops or no urine. If you suspect your cat is obstructed and not able to adequately pass urine, this is an immediate medical emergency.

What’s the difference between normal and abnormal cat urine?

The bottom line with “normal versus abnormal cat urine” is knowing what is typical for your kitty. Because a cat’s lower urinary tract is extremely susceptible to infection, inflammation, and provides insight into kidney function, diabetes, and other illnesses, observe closely for any changes in frequency, color, and odor.

Why does my cat have blood in his urine?

Any time your cat has a problem with inappropriate urination like this, you must first rule out medical problems. Common medical problems that cause inappropriate urination include bladder infections and the presence of bladder or kidney stones. All of these problems can cause blood in the urine.

What kind of urine does a cat have?

Normal urine will have a slightly pungent, acidic scent 3 that is fairly inoffensive and generally weak. Many cats experiencing a bladder or kidney problem will urinate outside the litterbox 4.

Why is my cat’s urine a dark orange color?

By: Erika Raines El Segundo, CA Replied on 04/19/2011 Urine can be dark orange simply because it is very concentrated, but it can also be orange if there is a small amount of blood present. Any time your cat has a problem with inappropriate urination like this, you must first rule out medical problems.

What causes a cat to have blood in urine?

Concerned, you schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. Causes of blood in cat urine, a condition is medically known as hematuria, may vary. The most common is a condition known as FLUTD, or a urinary tract infection.

How to tell if a male cat has an urinary tract infection?

A male cat urinating a few drops is slightly better off than one not producing any urine at all, but still requires immediate intervention. Diagnosis of a Urinary Infection in Cats Diagnosis of a U.T.I. is usually confirmed by a urinalysis.

Can a cat be punished for peeing on the floor?

Your cat wont be able to make the connection between peeing on the floor and being punished. The trick is to tackle the root cause of the problem. Most article’s I’ve read only talk about covering up the problem with enzyme sprays and what-not. This is only a short term fix and it’s likely to happen again.

Why does my cat pee on my carpet?

If you’re working new hours, working longer hours, had a new baby, or introduced a new animal to your house, this can throw off your cat’s normal routine and cause them to do things they normally wouldn’t do. As a result, your cat may start urinating on your furniture, carpets, flooring, rugs, or anything that is slightly off the floor.

Why does my cat pee on the floor?

A friend and cat lover recalls: “My cat, Catnip, peed on the floor! At first, I was so mad at him. I locked him up in the basement with his litter box, food and water. The urine looked a little red, but I was convinced he was fine since he was acting normally otherwise. [He was] Just being a bad boy [and] not using his litter box!”

If you notice blood in your cat’s urine, this is not normal. It could indicate that there is something medically wrong with your cat. We will discuss causes of cats peeing blood, treatments, and when to know if your cat peeing blood is an emergency situation.

What can I give my Cat to stop peeing on the floor?

Make your cat more comfortable by trying a different brand of cat litter. Cat litter comes in huge varieties nowadays, including clay, newspaper, pine, corn, walnut shells, wheat, silica, and even grass. Each type and brand of litter may feel and smell different to your cat; some they may like and some they may not like.

What did the vet do about catnip peeing on the floor?

Catnip stayed at the vet hospital overnight on IV fluids and pain medications. When the vet called the next morning, he said Catnip was doing well and his urine was becoming clear (i.e. less bloody).

You check your cat and cannot find any obvious signs of injury until you notice that they’re urinating blood in the most inappropriate places, regardless of being perfectly house trained. Concerned, you schedule an appointment with your veterinarian.

What to look for in a cat’s urine?

Other changes to look out for are colorless urine. Pale, watery urine without a healthy golden glow often indicate dilute urine, a sign of kidney disease or diabetes. In general, if the color or constancy change is significant enough for you to notice, it’s significant enough to have it checked by your veterinarian.

What does it mean when a cat Pees pale?

Pale, watery urine without a healthy golden glow often indicate dilute urine, a sign of kidney disease or diabetes. In general, if the color or constancy change is significant enough for you to notice, it’s significant enough to have it checked by your veterinarian.

Is it normal for an elderly cat to have blood in urine?

Blood in urine – As others have mentioned, blood in urine is NOT normal, even for an elderly cat in renal failure. In fact, if he were in renal failure, his urine would typically look like water with very little yellow tint, and certainly not any sort of pinkish or red tint.

Why is my senior cat peeing in the litter box?

It will be difficult for a elderly Cat to require so much effort to access the litter box which could be a reason why your elderly Cat is peeing everywhere As Cats get older they can start to get picky and this means your Cat may not like the litter anymore or the texture of the litter is not something your Cats paws appreciate

Why is my cat peeing in the bathtub?

He may be kept at the hospital for a few days until he’s peeing normally and given intravenous fluids in the meantime. Urinary tract infections (just as those affected by FLUTD) tend to lead to urinating in the bathtub or other places outside the litter box, because the cat is in pain and tends to associate the litter box with pain.

How can I tell if my cat has a urinary problem?

Diagnosing a Cat Urinary Problem. To diagnose a cat urinary problem, your vet will need to perform a urinalysis. This is a test that checks for the presence of blood, protein, sugar, and other substances in the urine.

Why does my cat still have blood in his urine?

Fortunately, many cats experiencing blood in their urine have signs that resolve quickly with relatively simple treatments. The two major causes of blood in a cat’s urine are cystitis and feline lower urinary tract disorder or FLUTD .

What does it mean if there is blood in your cats urine?

Hematuria in Cats. Blood in the urine, a condition known as hematuria, may indicate a serious underlying disease process. Familial hematuria (a condition in which blood in the urine runs in certain families of animals) is usually implicated in young cats, while cancer is the usual cause in older cats.

Does your cat have blood in its urine?

What should the color of my cat’s urine be?

Any changes in frequency of urination should be checked by your veterinarian immediately. Normal cat urine should be a clear, pale yellow 3. “Golden” or “straw-colored” are often used to describe the yellowish hue of healthy urine. The urine shouldn’t be cloudy or difficult to see through.

What does it mean when your cat Pees a lot?

Increased volume (polyuria): If your cat is urinating larger than normal volumes, it’s called polyuria. Most of the time excessive urinating is a result of the body’s inability to regulate urine formation.

What happens to a cat with a blocked urine stream?

In advanced cases, where the urine flow has been stopped for more than 24 hours, they can become systemically ill from retained toxins and start vomiting, or become very weak and lethargic. Death usually happens within 48 hours, and it’s not a pleasant way to go.

What happens when you have blood in your urine?

Gross hematuria produces pink, red or cola-colored urine due to the presence of red blood cells. It takes little blood to produce red urine, and the bleeding usually isn’t painful. Passing blood clots in your urine, however, can be painful. Bloody urine often occurs without other signs or symptoms.

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